For the moment I would attempt to email mysel the Excel file from the phone. When you attempt to open the attachment, Excel will attempt to find some way to open it. Try the various options offered to see if one will work. If you are using gmail as your email, Google's version of a spreadsheet may be able to open the file as well.
If you have a friend with a working CD player you may be able to copy the files onto a thumb drive and load through a USB port.
Replacing a CD player is pretty straightfoward if you are not scared to open the box. My experience has been that most often there is nothing wrong with the CD player but rather drivers have corrupted, something in the operating system has changed and it is no longer 'seeing' the drive or somehow the connection with the drive has jiggled loose.
Worse comes to worse, an external CD-ROM can be bought on Buy.com for about $26 (http://www.buy.com/prod/black-usb-2-0-24x-external-cd-rom-drive-for-laptop-pc/q/loc/101/208718385.html). You would have to go up to about $60 for a read/write CD drive. A visit to the clearance area of your local office supply store that carries computers and accessories may yield an external CD drive at a reasonable price that is perfectly serviceable.